Financial Accounting and Reporting Investment Property

Question: Portray about the Report for Financial Accounting and Reporting for Investment Property. Answer: 1: Report of Plant, Property and Equipment in the solidified monetary record proclamation The plant and gear is referenced under the non-current resources of the merged monetary record pronounced in the yearly report of the organization JB Hi-Fi Limited. The plant and gear of the organization is enrolled to be $176208000 during the year 2015 (Annualreports.com. 2016). In any case, the money related affirmations of the organization JB Hi-Fi Limited is arranged and introduced utilizing the recorded cost show excepting certain budgetary resources and liabilities just as certain particular classifications of the plant and gear. The plant and types of gear considered under the money leases are basically referenced at cost after derivation of the collected devaluation just as weakness. The expense for the plant and hardware for the most part includes the consumptions that is straightforwardly related to the expense of procurement of the specific thing (Deegan 2012). In any case, at the hour of settlement, all or, in all likelihood the pieces of the buy concern is conceded and t he expense is dictated by limiting the aggregate sum that is basically payable later on period. According to the money related reports of the organization, the deterioration is specified on various plant and hardware just as leasehold increases. In that capacity, the things of the plant and gear are basically derecognized at the hour of removal (Annualreports.com. 2016). Absolute conveying sum for plant, property and hardware toward the finish of the detailing time frame The conveying sum shows the aggregate sum at which a specific resource can be recognized after conclusion of the general amassed devaluation just as collected misfortunes for weakness. As it were, it very well may be said that the conveying measure of the plant and hardware contains the expense of substitution of a piece of a specific thing when the expense is brought about gave that the standards to acknowledgment are satisfied (Deegan 2013). In any case, as referenced in Paragraph 28 of AASB 116 (plant, property and hardware), the conveying measure of a specific plant and gear of the organization JB Hi-Fi Limited may be decreased by method of government allows that are in consistence with the AASB 120 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). Once more, under the acknowledgment thought expressed in the section 7, a specific business substance can't relate to the conveying measure of a particular plant, property and gear various ex penses related to the day by day overhauling of the said things (Annualreports.com. 2016). In addition, the business substance follows the rule for acknowledgment referenced under section 7 of the bookkeeping standard AASB 116 under which the expense of substitution of the thing when the expense is caused is contemplated under the conveying measure of a particular things of plant and hardware (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). Once more, the conveying measure of the supplanted parts are derecognized according to the de-acknowledgment arrangement expressed under the section 67 to 72 of this bookkeeping standard. 2: Composition of the Plant, Property and Equipment toward the finish of the detailing time frame The plant and gear otherwise called the unmistakable fixed resources can be considered to a class of advantages that have physical presence (Samkin and Deegan 2012). A specific business substance holds the plant and types of gear with the end goal of interior utilization of the partnership that are foreseen to produce different monetary advantages in the forthcoming time frame (Horngren et al. 2012). The sythesis of the plant and hardware for the enterprise subsequently involves land, furniture and installations, structures and numerous others (Botzem 2012). As referenced in the yearly report of the organization JB Hi-Fi Limited, the plant and hardware toward the finish of the finish of the detailing time frame 2015 is enlisted to be $ 176208000 (Annualreports.com. 2016). Valuation of the specific resources The valuation of the specific plant and hardware requires the recognizable proof of the expense of the thing that is equivalent to the money cost of the thing proportional at the period or the date of acknowledgment (Ryan 2012). Notwithstanding, on the off chance that if the installment for the plant and gear of the organization gets conceded past the time of the general credit terms, the fluctuation in the money value equal and the general installment can be distinguished as enthusiasm for the span of the credit until and except if such measure of premium can be promoted by the standards of AASB 12 (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). Once more, one or, in all likelihood more noteworthy than one thing of property and hardware of the business substance may be procured as against the non-budgetary resources or, in all likelihood the blend of monetary and non-financial resources (Henderson et al. 2015). Once more, the expense of this sort of things of property just as gear can be specified at reasonab le worth if not the switch over exchange are insufficient in attractive substance or probably the reasonable estimation of advantage that are neither gotten nor given up can be reliably assessable (Henderson et al. 2015). The element can choose either the cost model as referenced in the section 30 or, more than likely the revaluation model expressed in the passage 31 of the bookkeeping standard as the bookkeeping technique and can apply this methodology to all the various classifications of the plant and hardware. If there should be an occurrence of JB Hi-Fi Limited, the plant and gear of the firm are referenced at the expense after reasoning of the gathered deterioration just as amortization. Moreover, the expense of the plant and hardware of the organization JB Hi-Fi Limited incorporates the costs that can be legitimately related to the expense of securing of the firm. If there should be an occurrence of the conceded settlement of the buy thought, the organization decides the expe nse subsequent to limiting the sums that the organization needs to pay later on period to the current incentive as on the time of securing (Macve 2015). 3: Methods of deterioration for different classifications of plant, property and hardware The organization JB Hi-Fi Limited applies the straight line deterioration technique so as to discount the net expense of the advantages over a particular evaluated monetary life to the individual leftover worth (Annualreports.com. 2016). Be that as it may, it is additionally expected that the reception of the bookkeeping standard AASB 2014-4 that alludes to the Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards Board (Clarification of the Acceptable Methods of Depreciation and amortization viable from the date January 2016 (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). It is said to have no material money related effect on the monetary affirmations of the company JB Hi-Fi Limited (Annualreports.com. 2016). According to AASB 116, the organization can use diverse deterioration techniques to distribute the devaluation sum on a particular resource on basically an efficient premise all through the monetary existence of the benefit (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). The instruments for estimation of deterioration includes the straight-line technique, devaluation according to the reducing offset strategy alongside the units of creation technique (Laing and Perrin 2014). The straight line deterioration strategy prompts a consistent and even charge over the financial life in ncase if the leftover estimation of the of the advantage doesn't change (Yao et al. 2015). According to the AASB 116, passage 62, different techniques for deterioration on plant, property and hardware incorporate the decreasing equalization strategy that alludes to a diminished charge over the financial life monetary existence of the advantage (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). Once more, one more strategy for deterioration incorporates the units of c reation technique that prompts a charge that is established on the foreseen use or probably yield (Hanlon et al. 2014). The approximated helpful existence of the benefits, the leftover qualities just as deterioration strategy for the organization can be explored toward the finish of every single detailing period where the impact of the adjustments can be distinguished on especially an imminent premise (Hu et al. 2015). The approximated valuable lives that the organization utilizes for the count of the deterioration be arranged into two distinct sorts (Hu 2012). The leasehold enhancements are said have3 the assessed monetary existence of around 1 to 15 years. Once more, according to the yearly report of the organization JB Hi-Fi Limited the plant and types of gear are said to have the assessed financial existence of 1.5 years to 15 years (Annualreports.com. 2016). 4: Disclosure of the paces of devaluation and the valuable existences of the benefits According to the bookkeeping standard AASB 116 (Plant, Property and Equipment), the divulgence prerequisites allude to specific guidelines expressed under passage 73 of the norm (AASB 2015). As per the revelation necessities, the budgetary affirmations of the partnerships JB Hi-Fi restricted need to uncover for every single classification of the plant and hardware the estimation bases that can be utilized for the procedure of assurance of the general gross conveying measure of the plant property and gear (Hanlon et al. 2014). Also, the revelation prerequisites of the money related statements incorporate the particulars in regards to the devaluation strategy that can be use in the current case (Pawsey and Crase 2013). Once more, the revelation prerequisite additionally has the requirement for the presentations of the assessed monetary existences of the every classification of the plant and types of gear of the organization (Annualreports.com. 2016). Besides, the organization likewise wants to reveal the gross conveying measure of every classification of the plant, property and hardware of the partnership JB Hi Fi Limited. What's more, the revelation prerequisites of the organization additionally incorporate the details with respect to the compromise of the unequivocal conveying sum during the start just as the finish of the particular announcing period unveiling the a

Inspire Victorians Give A Child With Start - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk about the Inspire Victorians Give A Child With Start. Answer: Prologue to Social undertakings Objectives, Operations and Outcomes Social undertaking is an association that utilizes vital making arrangements for guaranteeing the boost of the human and the ecological prosperity. In contrast to the NGOs, the organizations are planned for acquiring changes in the social structure through the methods for creating income and in specific stages acts like advantage enterprises or a network intrigues organization which targets supporting the networks through the administrations gave by them. On the other hand, the exercises that are being attempted by the organizations dependent on their prerequisites of improving the CSR appraisals is again an opposing measure for the social endeavors, as their strategic vision is brought together to their significant target. The significant targets of the social ventures are to comprehend the different necessities of the network dependent on the work and compensation for furnishing them with the equivalent. It has helped the organizations in making upgrades in the networks. The results of the activities taken by the social venture depend on the enhancements realized by the endeavors of the organizations in the general public and the way of life of the individuals. The exercises embraced by the associations in realizing changes in the social and the individual way of life of the individuals have achieved changes identifying with their reality in a cutting edge promoted circumstance. It targets counting approaches to help the individuals without bargaining the development of the social endeavors. Organization subtleties of Good Cycles Situated in Melbourne, Australia, Good Cycles association has accomplished honors and magnificence by changing the lives of jobless adolescents. It is centered around enabling the young people through the exercises embraced by them. Coordinated effort and backing from the staff of various divisions empowers the chiefs to design quality-preparing administrations for the learners. Alongside this, the system chain of the association is far reaching, which widens the viewpoints of the administrators as far as enhancing the biased information and abilities of the trying young people. The association holds fast to the measures and conventions of the business enactment. In particular, the association complies with Data Protection Act (1998) for shielding the individual subtleties of the representatives from spilling or hacking exercises. Perceptions and reflections The concerned organization has made strides so as to enable the young through their arranged projects and their methodologies towards contributing towards the advancement of the networks in Australia. It targets supporting the emotional well-being ailments looked by most of the adolescents through their Pedal Empowerment Program (PEP). It has helped in getting changes in the social structure and the life of the individuals in the network. They additionally encourage the Employment program through which they make occupations for different jobless individuals which results to improving their way of life. It makes an extensive change in the networks through the exercises that are arranged by the organization dependent on their goals. Estimations have taken states of various plans and projects that the organization attempts so as to construct a solid network. 20% of the youngsters are jobless, which results to social disconnection and undermined attitude (Goodcycles.org., 2018). Then aga in, one out of four youngsters experience the ill effects of mental infirmities which is being upheld by the association. The administrator of the association was met while making a note of the exercises embraced by the organization. As indicated by Mr. Liem Cowley, the head supervisor of Good Cycle, the organization has found a way to improve the way of life and the network through making plentiful measure of work. The association has upgraded their notoriety by arranging different network programs. A portion of these are The Pedal Empowerment Program (PEP), Supported Employment Programs and Work Experience Programs among others. Aside from this, different and wide-extending commitment programs are sorted out by Goodcycle, for example, Community Bike Sheds, programs only for ladies; school programs-Fixing the cycles and others.The organization has additionally found a way to improve the prosperity of the individuals through the use of the Pedal Empowerment Program identifying with the medicinal services (Goodcycles.org., 2018). There are cases where the association has found a way to help the individuals in getting their necessary medicinal services offices. The site Goodcycles.org. (2018) expressed Kasey Holyman, the network program director of the association, expressed that the association has included itself in huge financial exchanges out of the normal assets for helping the networks through the production of business. The organization additionally targets sustaining the abilities of the individuals through their projects and meetings. Belinda Woodruff, transitional work chief of the association, expressed that the organization has found a way to improve the social conditions not with the point of improving the CSR appraisals of the organization, yet is focused on the all encompassing idea of improving the way of life of the networks. The way wherein the organization helped Thierry merits referencing in this unique circumstance. Thierry was brought to Au stralia for undertaking a medical procedure on his legs. The site of the association (Goodcycles.org., (2018) expressed that the organization made strides so as to help Thierry through the companys Pedal Empowerment Program. It has helped in the endeavor of the means that are required for keeping up a decent effect on the general public. As indicated by Donovan Roberts, the coach, the organization has found a way to draw in itself in the issues looked by the networks by understanding the prerequisites of the preparation and in this manner prepare and enable the individuals for making business. As indicated by a shopper of the organization, Mr. Kobayashi, progress made by the organization in the market plainly depicts the example of overcoming adversity of the association in the market. The organization has made critical enhancements in the usage of the benefits and the formation of income since its initiation. The gigantic contrast of the income structure and the benefits infers the development of the organization dependent on the smooth working of the association. Then again, the organization has found a way to enable the work through endeavor the particular projects and plans for making the individuals capable. The incorporated preparing programs that is being attempted by the association has helped in the moderating the activities taken by the organization for making work. The nature of the meetings is being upgraded through the cautious management of the preparation and the experts that are designated for the improvement of the aptitudes of the workers and the new come rs. As per a representative, Bicycles for Humanity and Rumbalara moved toward the concerned organization for undertaking steps and for preparing their coaches through their commitment programs. This depicts the achievement of the organization in the market. Then again, the organization being the supporter of numerous adolescents in and around the area has increased positive evaluations. The advancement of the organization depends on the servicers that the organization reaches out to the network in improving the way of life and thinking about the lives and the medicinal services chances of the individuals. The administrations gave by Good Cycle give the hopeful adolescents a departure from the claustrophobic presence. In particular, it is a break towards strengthening, autonomy and a significant presence. Developing effective in accomplishing this presence would make the hierarchical staff a deliverer in the lives of these upset youth. The CEO of the organization expressed that the support of moral methodology in managing the young people mirrors their companys corporate disposition. It is planned for accomplishing appropriate proficient improvement through self-improvement. The organization is centered around acquiring changes in the so cial structures and in the way of life of the jobless youth. References Goodcycles.org. (2018).Inspiring Victorians give a kid with no name new legs and a new beginning Goodcycles.org. Recovered 2 January 2018, from https://www.goodcycles.org/wp-content/transfers/2016/12/Herald-Sun-Article-4-May-2014.pdf Goodcycles.org. (2018).Community Programs.Good Cycles. Recovered 2 January 2018, from https://www.goodcycles.org/social-venture/

How to Write Macaulay Honors Essay Samples

How to Write Macaulay Honors Essay SamplesLooking for how to write Macaulay honors essay samples that are going to get you the grades you want? Then, read on. You'll find a lot of guides and samples on the Internet that will help you with this task, but remember that every student is different so what works for one may not work for another.Most guides and samples on how to write Macaulay honors essay samples will have you working in a pre-defined topic or at least, a main theme that you will be working on throughout the entire assignment. This is a great idea, because you'll be able to just stick to one topic and not have to worry about what other topics you have to tackle.The main difference between how to write Macaulay honors essay samples that are based on a topic versus ones that aren't is the size of the essay. The subjects are much easier to write because they can be easily discussed and presented. However, if you write a big long essay on a single topic, it can get extremely boring.Also, the number of questions you have to answer in a specific topic will be a lot bigger. So, choose the one with the simpler topic. While these topics are easier to write and understand, your content will still be as effective and it will be easy to understand.You also want to make sure that you choose topics that are easy to understand and that will challenge you and hold your interest. Make sure you use all the features available in your word processor to make sure that you can get all the information that you need quickly and easily.Include tests in your assignment as well, but not too many of them. There are many people who are not good at writing tests so if you need to ask a student to take a test and give them their writing sample afterwards, make sure you only do it once.Finally, make sure you don't try to do too much. If you are creating an academic paper for the honors program that doesn't include too many outside references or to see how much editing you do yours elf, then make sure you choose your topics carefully.The above tips on how to write Macaulay honors essay samples will help you a lot and will make sure that you write something that will be acceptable and impressive. Good luck!

Alcoholism and Alcoholics Anonymous - 1851 Words

Alcoholics Anonymous Introduction Alcoholics Anonymous is a community of men and women who put across their experiences with alcohol and who support each-other in recovering from the critical conditions that the substance brought them in. In order to become a member, a person only needs to stop drinking, as there are no fees associated with the institution: it is a self-supporting group using its own contributions to function. A.A. is not related to any religious or political ideology, organization, or institution and its sole purpose is to focus on the problems caused by drinking alcohol and on how it can effectively help people recover. Alcoholism and A.A. Alcoholism is a pressing topic in the contemporary society and it is responsible for ruining the lives of numerous individuals from all over the world. Most people are likely to be acquainted with a person who abuses alcohol and this further contributes to emphasizing the magnitude of the problem. Alcoholics are typically inclined to ignore their problem and it is very difficult for them to accept it even when it interferes with their personal lives and makes it more and more difficult for them to perform tasks that they previously had very little problems completing. Through treatment agencies, through the meetings and literature of Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.), and through interactions with significant others and with persons who call themselves alcoholics, the problem drinker gradually takes on an alcoholicShow MoreRelatedChildhood Alcoholism And The Effect Of The 12 Step Program For Alcoholics Anonymous As A Form Of Treatment1147 Words   |  5 PagesJane Kwon PSY 4470 June 5, 2015 Research Paper Alcoholism is a growing problem in the United States. It can, and oftentimes does, result in illnesses and deaths. â€Å"Alcohol is the world’s third largest risk factor for disease and contributes to 4 [percent] of the global burden of disease† (Marshall, 2014). In relation to alcoholism, specifically adolescent alcoholism is a growing concern in the United States. The age at which young people are starting to experiment with alcohol is younger than everRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous: the 12-Step Treatment780 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholics Anonymous: The 12-Step Treatment Alcoholics Anonymous: The 12-Step Treatment The 12-step program used by Alcoholics Anonymous is a well-known treatment method that’s used for many types of addiction, not just alcohol. Alcoholics are encouraged to â€Å"work† the 12-steps. The first step involves admitting the powerlessness over alcohol. The second step has the alcoholic believe that there is some type of a greater power working that will help aide the alcoholic to reach sobriety, asRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous : A Anonymous865 Words   |  4 PagesAttending an Alcoholic Anonymous Meeting Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in the basis that alcoholism cannot be healed medically, but spiritually. Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in 1939 by Bill Wilson, and Dr. Robert Smith (B’s, n.d.). The main goal of Alcoholics Anonymous is recovery from alcoholism, and to fully abstain from consuming alcohol. Several non-stated goals are staying out of jail, fixing a financial situation, or becoming happier (Trizio, 2006). After attending in a meeting forRead More Alcohol Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is alcoholism? 2. How do people become alcoholics? 3. What are the effects of alcoholism, on both the alcoholic and their family? 4. How do you diagnose alcoholism? 5. Is there a cure for alcoholics? 6. What is the treatment? What is Alcoholism? Alcoholism can be defined as the dependency on alcohol; addiction to alcohol. 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My Opinon on the American Dream - 1393 Words

Hello, There is no way I can do a works cited for this assignment since you did not give me a book that these articles appear in. You requested four pages of writing for this assignment, which is what I gave you. The vocabulary in this paper is appropriate for a senior in college. I have fulfilled all of the instructions for this assignment with the resources you gave me. Thanks. The so-called American Dream is one of the most time-honored and clichà © phrases used to describe the conception of the United States. It is commonly used to refer to the notion that anyone can come to this country and, through hard work and sheer will, change his or her fortune and lot in life in a way that other countries simply do not allow people to do. However, it is interesting to see that this popular idea of the American Dream does not necessarily correlate to the perceptions of two authors who wrote about this subject both directly and indirectly, Martin Luther King Jr. in his I Have A Dream Speech and J.B. Priestley in Wrong Isms. In fact, both of these authors view the American Dream through respective lenses in which they do not believe that the promise of the American Dream is coming to fruition. Still, they both utilize similar rhetorical devices to attempt to change their view of what the American Dream has become, which they believe is negative, to what they hope th e American Dream will come to be, which is positive, by using an abundance of metaphors, anaphora, andShow MoreRelated Naipaul Does Not Deserve his Nobel Prize Essay899 Words   |  4 Pagesan interval when joy through strength becomes fashionable. It had so many other interests, anyway. Matters of rivalry, schemes for enterprises of passing great moment, dreams of escape and yielding to resignation in this island vanity fair. In his 2001 Nobel prize acceptance lecture, Naipaul observed, I feel that at any stage of my literary career it could have been said that the last book contained all the others. The Nobel Prize committee felt that Naipaul should be feted for, having united perceptiveRead MoreDonald Duck2317 Words   |  10 PagesWho is Donald Duck? Full Name: Donald Fauntleroy Duck Birthdate: Egg hatched June 9, 1934 (Egg laid Friday, March 13, 1934) Besides in my opinon, being the greatest cartoon character ever, Donald is the one in the little blue suit that is more often in a rage than not. His personality shows through actions. He gives new meaning to the phrase: Actions speak louder than words. His lines are few and almost indecipherable, forcing his actions to speak the volumeof his parts. His personalityRead MoreWhat Role Does Sleep Play On Memory Formation?2345 Words   |  10 Pagessleep play in memory formation? Word count (excluding title, abstract, cover sheet and references): I have checked this work through Turnitin: Yes/No Originality statement: By submitting this work online, using my unique log-in and password, I declare that this submission is entirely my own work. And that it does not contain any plagiarised material. I understand that all work is submitted to Turnitin plagiarism detection software. â€Æ' What role does sleep play in memory formation? Abstract Memory

Benefits Of Having A Green Building - 1107 Words

A â€Å"green building† is a structure that is eco-friendly to the environment and does not harm the nature that is present around it. The word â€Å"eco-friendly† is familiarized through sustaining and conserving the environment and its crucial features that help keep this world running and thriving. It is the consequence of humans to continue to use harmful chemicals and materials that may destroy the world and its atmosphere entirely. The greenhouse project in biology demonstrated a small model of a possible â€Å"green† house that is friendly to the nature and environment around it and can overall encourage the use of healthy products and actions. Benefits of having a â€Å"green† house is that it will help the environment, encourage sustainability of natural resources, and will overall benefit the consumers economically. Benefits of having a greenhouse is that it will help the environment. For example, the use of having an eco-friendly house will help â€Å"to reduce the impact humans have on the environment† (The Nest). A friendly house to the environment will lower negative impact on the world. It will allow the world to continue to relieve its functions without major harmful intervening from human beings. The actions of creating this kind of house can help with the depletion of the Earth’s functions so the rest of human beings may live on this Earth without a negative consequence. Another reason eco-friendly houses have benefits is because it will help with the use of electricityShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Green Building Movement1686 Words   |  7 PagesThe Green Building Movement â€Å"North American homes, offices and other buildings contribute an estimated 2.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere every year—more than one third of the continent s greenhouse gas pollution output† (Biello). Global warming is a worldwide issue that is thought to be one of the most severe problems around the globe. Pollution in the atmosphere is one of the main causes of global warming. This pollution starts to build up and destroy the ozone layer causingRead MoreImplementing Green Roof For Small Dwellings : Case Of Residential Units, Auckland, New Zealand1305 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"VERIFYING THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING GREEN ROOF FOR SMALL DWELLINGS: CASE OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS, AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND.† NAGARJUNA REDDY MATLURU(B.E) ID:15883245 INTRODUCTION: Novel ecosystems such as Green Roof are increasingly becoming one of the most sustainable elements of a building. 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To quantitatively assess the energy consumption and environmental impact among all above stages, LCA is undoubtedly the best choice that can full evaluate the impacts during extraction of raw materials

A Room Of One free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Own Essay, Research Paper Hundreds of old ages ago, an unconscious civilization diseased the female population. Similar to Shakespeare # 8217 ; s sister, adult females were conditioned to conform to a feminine political orientation. This construct of muliebrity spread through out the state basically specifying the nature of a adult female and robbing them of their unconditioned sense of ego. While adult females may hold dreamed about the twenty-four hours when their originative spirit could be unleashed, those dreams were rapidly interrupted by the powerful appreciation of male laterality. By quashing adult females, the feminine function of dependence and obeisance was maintained. In return, society # 8217 ; s power construction became refueled and the patriarchate was perpetuated. Through clip the power construction has broken down, nevertheless, I believe Shakespeare # 8217 ; s sister continues to be in many adult females, still in hunt of a # 8220 ; room of one # 8217 ; s ain # 8221 ; . Virginia Woolf stressed the importance of holding a room of one # 8217 ; s ain or a topographic point to detect and research the originative ego. We will write a custom essay sample on A Room Of One or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She encourages the immature adult females to develop the wont of freedom and the bravery to compose precisely what they think. More than seventy old ages subsequently, Woolf’s words remain applicable. Womans are still fighting to face the bravery and â€Å" ? face the fact? that there is no arm to cleaving to? † . For, while the social barriers have disappeared, the mental barriers have non. Though few adult females are expected to be submissive and obedient, the political orientation of the feminine function continues to hunger women’s psyches. The force per unit area to acquire married and have kids while forcing one’s personal desires and passions aside persists. Therefore, when a adult female # 8217 ; s psyche is in a province of famishment, she becomes a walking skeleton, simply bing through life. As the natural gifts she is born with stay buried and unnourished, she becomes a complete alien to herself. In order to reawaken the sense of ego, she must show her natural cravings. When this is accomplished Shakespeare # 8217 ; s sister will emerge and a room of one # 8217 ; s have will be discovered.

Reading Disability

A reading disability is a type of learning disability caused by neurological factors that affect the ability of a child to read normally (Safford, 2006). Reading disabilities impair the ability of a person to read according to the expected level.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A reading disability is also referred to as dyslexia and can affect any child including those with normal levels of intelligence. Children with reading disabilities are faced with a lot of challenges when it comes to learning (Safford, 2006). Children with reading disabilities have persistent difficulties when it comes to using their decoding strategies and therefore completely rely on their whole memory for reading. This affects their fluency in reading and consequently their understanding of text becomes very difficult. Children with reading disabilities read slowly due to their difficu lties with spelling and phonological processing. The visual and verbal response of children with reading disability is also very poor and in the process affects their manipulation of sounds (Hatcher, 1999). The reading accuracy and comprehension of children is normally impaired by the reading disability and therefore affecting their academic life. Students with reading disabilities should be given extra time to complete assignments and examinations. Reading disabilities can be partially inherited or can be caused by physical damage to the brain (Hatcher, 1999). According to research findings, reading disabilities can be caused by gene mutations that lead to writing and reading deficits. Children with visual problems tend to experience reading disorders in many occasions compared to those without visual problems (Hatcher, 1999). The nervous system of a person is very important in coordinating the brain and visual processes.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In case any of the brain and visual processes is interfered with, children are bound to have difficulties with their reading abilities. Children with language deficits may also experience difficulties when reading (Konza, 2006). Neurological difficulties and the impairment of sensory nerves are among the physiological factors that cause reading impairments (Konza, 2006). The reading success of parents is a fundamental hereditary factor that can cause reading disabilities. The intellectual environment created by parents plays a significant role in determining whether their children experience reading disabilities or not (Konza, 2006). Phonological processing and word recognition are in most cases influenced by genetics. Racial identification and other socioeconomic factors can influence the reading abilities of a child. The learning strategies used by learning institutions can also affect the ability of children to read and comprehend information (Torgesen, 2002). Regular practice is needed for students to sharpen and perfect their reading skills. Children with reading disabilities have certain characteristics that distinguish them from normal children (Torgesen, 2002). Identification of single words is the first difficulty that children with reading difficulties experience. Children with reading disabilities also find it difficult to understand rhymes and other sounds in words. This group of students also experience difficulties with spelling and comprehension of reading materials (Torgesen, 2002). Children with reading disabilities are always unable to read at a faster rate whether silently or orally. Children with reading disabilities may omit or substitute words when reading. The spoken language of children with reading disabilities is normally delayed and their written expression is also very poor. Reading disabilities makes children to be mixed up when it comes to directions and oppos ites. Decoding syllables is among the major challenges of children with reading disabilities (Konza, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reversal of words is a common characteristic of children with reading disabilities. Associating syllables with specific sounds is another problem for children with reading disabilities. The functioning of brain hemispheres affects the reading speed of children. It is important to evaluate the reading abilities of children on a regular basis in order to diagnose any kind of reading disabilities as early as possible (Malmquist, 1958). It is important to consider the fact that reading disabilities are not related to low intelligence. The languages spoken at school and the child’s home are among the things considered when evaluating a child’s reading abilities. Cultural factors and educational opportunities also i nfluence the reading abilities of children. It is possible for a child to compensate for a reading disorder through early intervention (Malmquist, 1958). The severity of a reading disability and the kind of help they receive determine whether the case can be improved or not. The self-esteem of children with reading disabilities is normally very low and the situation can become worse if teachers and the immediate family do not offer their support towards improving the child’s condition. It is possible to overcome a reading disorder if the condition is detected before the child reaches grade three (Konza, 2006). Children with reading disabilities may lack interest in learning activities which leads to poor academic performance. One of the best interventions for children with reading disabilities is to improve their word recognition skills (Konza, 2006). It is important for students with reading disabilities to learn how to recognize real words as the first step towards improvin g their reading abilities (Hatcher, 1999). Teachers should help this group of students to improve their word recognition skills to supplement their sound recognition skills. Phonemic awareness, word attack skills, phonics and decoding are some of the areas that this type of intervention aims at improving (Hatcher, 1999). Teachers and other professionals use direct instructions as the best method of teaching children with reading disabilities word recognition skills.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Direct instructions involve repetition practices that ensure that the children completely perfect their word recognition skills. Regular practice is the key to improving word recognition skills for children with reading disabilities (Safford, 2006). The instructional components of improving word recognition skills include sequencing, segmentation and advanced organizers. The sequencing component involves breaking down reading tasks. This helps in matching students with the level of their reading disability. The teachers arrange for short sessions where students are able to read, review and underline new words in a passage. The second instructional component under this intervention is segmentation where the various skills being taught to students are broken down into segments for quick understanding of the reading tasks. Advanced organizers enable students to get familiar with the learning instructions in advance before the actual lessons (Safford, 2006). It is essential to improve t he comprehension skills of students as they learn how to recognize words. The reading program of children with reading disabilities should be constantly evaluated to ensure the programs deliver the expected results. Children with reading disabilities encounter a lot of challenges and should therefore be given some special attention when it comes to school assignments and examinations (Safford, 2006). It is important to accommodate this group of students for them to feel loved and appreciated. Students with reading disabilities can not compete at the same level with normal students. Their reading speed is slow and this should be compensated by allowing them some extra time to complete their assignments and examinations (Konza, 2006). The level of reading disability should be used to determine the amount of extra time that children with reading disabilities should be added. It would be very unfair and inhuman to expect children with reading disabilities to compete at the same level wi th normal children. According to research findings, children with visual problems have high chances of encountering problems in their reading. The extra time enables children with reading disabilities to understand questions at their speed and be able to answerer them according to their level (Konza, 2006). Children with reading disabilities end up not completing their assignments and examinations in a case where they are not given some extra time. Their reading and writing speed is very slow and therefore can not allow them to finish their assignments and examinations within the normal time (Konza, 2006). In conclusion, reading disabilities are a reality and parents in collaboration with teachers should look for ways of ensuring that children with this kind of disability are given enough support (Torgesen, 2002). Genetic and physiological factors are among the major causes of reading disabilities among children. It is important for parents and teachers to detect any kind of reading disabilities as early as possible so that proper measures can be taken to prevent the situation from getting worse. Helping students with reading disabilities to perfect their word recognition skills is among the basic interventions for children with reading disabilities (Torgesen, 2002). Children with reading disabilities should be given extra time in order to complete assignments and examinations because they can not compete at the same level with normal children (Hatcher, 1999). Accommodating children with reading disabilities helps in improving their self-esteem and academic performance. References Hatcher, P. (1999). Phonemes, rhymes, and intelligence as predictors of children’s responsiveness to remedial reading instruction: Evidence from a longitudinal intervention study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 72(2), 130-153. Konza, D. (2006). Teaching students with reading difficulties. New York, NY: Cengage Learning Australia. Malmquist, E. (1958). Factors relate d to reading disabilities in the first grade of elementary school. New York, NY: Almqvsit Wiksell. Safford, P. (2006). Children with disabilities in America: A historical handbook and guide. New York, NY: Greenwood Publishing Group. Torgesen, J. (2002). The prevention of reading difficulties. Journal of School Psychology, 40(1), 7-26. This essay on Reading Disability was written and submitted by user Bryant B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Ethics of Euthanasia Essays

The Ethics of Euthanasia Essays The Ethics of Euthanasia Essay The Ethics of Euthanasia Essay In the text, Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making, Diane had undergone Euthanasia (known also as mercy-killing). She gave her informed consent and she willingly submits herself to the process. In short, she had agreed to undertake â€Å"voluntary euthanasia.† Voluntary Euthanasia is defined as the type of Euthanasia that is undertaken with the informed consent of the patient herself. Informed consent means that the patient understands the process in which she has to go through, accepts it, and submits herself completely.In the case, Diane had given up the idea that she could still be cured. She had acute leukemia. Knowing that such disease had no cure at all, she refused to be treated and even demanded to be allowed to just die. The physician, who was the very person who was narrating the case of Diane, revealed that she herself assisted Diane in undertaking euthanasia. She said that she even told Diane the right dosage of barbiturates which could bring her death. Having such scenario, it could also be said that there was an â€Å"active euthanasia† that was happened. This entails that the physician has indeed assisted the death of the patient.The Ethics of EuthanasiaEuthanasia has long been disputed for its moral position. Does it morally permissible or not? The problem in the arguments of those who advocate the moral permissibility of euthanasia is that they tend to categorize it into different types and classes. The notions of voluntary and involuntary euthanasia, and active and passive euthanasia, have really masked the true essence of the practice of euthanasia. Some say that active and involuntary euthanasia are not morally permissible while inactive and voluntary euthanasia are morally permissible. The latter is argued because of the ideas of â€Å"non-commission† and â€Å"informed consent.†On the other hand, there is no real difference between those types and classes. According to James Rachels, no mat ter what type of euthanasia is performed still the end result is death. And that is morally unjustifiable in the sense that there is no such thing as right to die but only right to life. Likewise, in an ordinary course of life, no one would really claim for his or her right to die. Thus, whether the patient has given his or her informed consent, there is no justifying basis for the commission of euthanasia.Also, as mentioned in the text, the physician had even assisted the death of the patient Diane. That was very unethical. In the first place, physicians have no right to take away one’s life (as for the active euthanasia). And speaking of duty, physicians’ duty is to promote life and never the reverse of it which is death. By appealing to the Kantian Ethics (ethics of duty), that physician has committed a wrong act and has acted unethically and immorally. Thus, the physician in the given case must not have assisted Diane’s death whatever her reasons are.Moreove r, the process of euthanasia is directly going against what the natural process says. Suffering is part of human’s life. Thus, if one would use it to support and justify the act of euthanasia he is like saying that the natural process – wherein life is the basis of all rights – should not promote life but death. Yet, this is not the case. Survival is the key concept in the natural process. This entails that at any course, man naturally and rationally invokes his right to life and not right to die.Should Euthanasia be legalized?The answer is no. Euthanasia is no easy issue with regards to its legalization. In the first place, there is no law and even constitution that would provide a human rights standard which includes the human being’s right to life. As mentioned earlier, there is no such thing as right to life. And speaking of law, it has been institutionalized to safeguard mankind’s survival. So it is illogical and unintelligible to advocate for the legalization of euthanasia having the fact that such process opposes the most fundamental right – the right to life.Furthermore, if euthanasia would be legalized, it seems that the law itself creates chaos in the society’s order. As we all know, physicians are tasked to cure and treat diseases. Their duty is to preserve life (as declared in the Hippocratic Oath). If euthanasia would be made legal, then it is as if the law is allowing the physicians to violate their sworn duties and responsibility to mankind.Informed consent cannot really be used to justify the commission of euthanasia since the patient may have given his or her consent only because he or she is desperately hopeless and only wants to avoid suffering. But in a normal situation, a person would not really give his consent to someone to murder him or her.Another point is that, when someone speaks of morality, he or she is not speaking of practicality but of necessity. Rights such as right to life are n ecessary so as to uphold humanity. Imagine, if practicality would be the standard for taking away one’s life then it is more likely that every person would have reason to kill other person because it is practical for them to annihilate others for their own advantage. As for the case of the physician in the story of Diane, she assisted the death of Diane because she believed that it is more practical having the latter dead than for her to severely suffer from the disease.As for the conclusion of this paper, euthanasia is never necessary and not beneficial primarily because of the fact that there is no such thing as right to life, and the fact that physicians’ duty is to uphold life and never of death. Plus the law itself is established on the premise that its implementation is for the protection of human rights – and that includes a person’s right to life.

Should Evolution Be Taught In Public Schools Essay

Should Evolution Be Taught In Public Schools - Essay Example In the mid-Nineteenth Century the theory of evolution was opposed by religious individuals and organizations when initially introduced by Charles Darwin. This same religiously fanaticism continues to reject the thought of humans evolving from apes. However, over the past 150 years public opinion has unquestionably evolved and most religious people today accept evolution as true. Those who continue to be willfully ignorant of the subject think there is a debate to be had concerning the age old ‘how did we get here’ question. They maintain that the Biblical version of creation not the scientific theory of evolution is correct. This emotion-filled debate normally centers on which account the public schools will teach. Eventually everyone will accept that evolution is fact and creation a myth even educationally deprived children in the State of Kansas which has chosen to teach both. Unfortunately it will be many generations in coming because society evolves very gradually. Teaching the creation story in public schools only serves to fulfill the role of defending particular religious beliefs. If kids are to be taught, it is exclusively the responsibility of the church and parents because teaching the religious stories including creation in public schools violates constitutional principle. This subject evokes strong passions from those motivated by their religious beliefs and by those who would defend the Constitution.

Water Quality And Waste Water Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Water Quality And Waste Water Management - Essay Example As a result these people become sick, develop serious illnesses, and die from water borne diseases(Drinking Water and Quality,2001).Inadequate water leads to poor sanitation and hygiene and malnutrition posing a major threat to humans; causing millions of deaths - particularly of children less than 5 years of age. Water crisis often forces people to use stagnant water for drinking and washing themselves who then fall victim to many different kind of diseases. 2. Water quality and quantity of concern In the United States most of the drinking water comes from surface or ground water sources. Researches show surface water from sources like rivers, streams, lakes is under environmental contamination of algal growth, geologic formations, waste water plant treatment discharges, agricultural discharges etc.The major concern with ground water resources is chemical contamination from arsenic and radon due to natural hydrology, contamination of soil from hazardous waste dumps and leaky undergr ound storage tanks . Water quality concerns in the developing countries are not limited to public health. Contamination of water by poisonous metals such as arsenic and mercury in mining activities are hazardous to the forest ecosystems and their bio-diversity. The United States is relatively water sufficient at 8,830 m3/person per yr.But a recent report generated by Tetra Tech for Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) shows that in the coming decades one out of three countries will face greater risk of water shortages due to global warming and climate change and may hamper economic development and agricultural production. In contrast water scarcity had been a matter of concern since decades in developing countries. Shortage of water often leads to water washed diseases as people cannot wash themselves, their homes or clothes regularly. These include eye infections like trachoma and skin diseases such as scabies. Over 200 million people are infected due to ingestion of worm eggs or larvae and the diseases causes 20,000 deaths a year. . In many developing nations women and young girls may take the responsibility to draw and carry the family’s water over miles. In long term carrying such heavy weights may damage their neck, head and spine and lead to problems in pregnancy and child birth (Pruss-Ustun and Bos, 2008). 3. Description of water quality and quantity issues Recent studies have shown that world population had increased 300% in 20th century and water demand 700%.In addition, 2 million tons of human waste is dumped annually into the rivers and streams around the globe. Ownership of water rights is complicated and not always clear. For example, water resources like well may belong to ‘X’ but the water rights may belong to ‘Y’. ‘Y’ may lease the water for use on land owned by ’Z’ (Goff L, 2004). Current capital investment is insufficient to maintain and renew existing facilities for public alrea dy having water supply and sanitation coverage. For example, an estimated US$ 52 billion (Bartram and Hutton, 2009) is needed annually and only around 25% of that ?nance is available. Studies have shown that the water supply targets are justified for all regions around the globe, but the sanitation targets are only unambiguously justified for the Americas. This is attributed to two factors: the costs of sanitation connections are about three times those of water supply and the benefits per connection are somewhat lower. It is reported that the costs of achieving the sanitation targets by 2015 exceed the benefits for many of the developing regions in Africa and Asia. The majority of

Quality of Consumers Goods

Quality of Consumers Goods In recent years, consumers are becoming increasingly conscious about the quality, safety, suitability and environmental impacts of the goods that they demand. However, in many cases, consumers would not aware of the quality of a goods or products even after consumptions. These products are known as the credence goods. It is difficult to distinguish between two qualities of the same good, even after consumption. In such case, consumers are willing to pay a premium for the hidden attributes of the goods that they cannot observe. Such goods include ‘natural versus genetically modified (GM) food, ‘organic versus non-organic products, ‘fair-trade products, ‘suitable for vegetarians goods, ‘Kosher, and more generally ‘high-quality versus low-quality products. However, this paper is interested to study a special type of credence goods, that is ‘Halal versus non-Halal products or goods. Halal is an Arabic word which means lawful or permissible. It follows the Islamic ruling known as the Syariah law. Halal covers every aspect of Muslims life especially dietary. Halal food simply means that the food products are free from any elements which Muslims prohibited from consuming. Extended discussion on Halal is presented in Chapter 2. With Islam as the second largest religion in the world and the fastest growing, the world Halal food trade is estimated to be around US$ 150 billion to US$ 500 billion in 2007 on which US$ 80 billion alone is generated from agri-food products (Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 2007; Brunei Halal, 2007). These factors hasten the investment in Halal products, and in some cases, producers cheat for easy access to the market. Analysis of Halal in this paper, distinguishes itself from other studies on credence goods, as it involves different levels of consumers interactions. Any credence goods, including Halal products, comprise a special attribute or characteristic. This characteristic is not verifiable and revealed unless by experts or other professional services. Hahn (2004) suggested that real or complete credence goods would be difficult to find as consumers would have some judgement on products or services after the consumption. This is not entirely true as in case of Halal food product, especially Halal meat. It is very difficult to check if the meat is entirely Halal as claimed, as there is no existing way to check after consumption whether say the meat purchased is really slaughtered in Syariah methods, even though there is non-existence of other non-Halal ingredients. Therefore, in this sense, Halal meat is an example of a real credence good. In many cases, consumers concern for the special or credence attribute (eg. environmental, fair-trade, organic, Halal, etc.) is evidenced by their willingness to pay a premium for the high-quality products. The willingness to pay opens up an opportunity for low-quality producers (those which lack the special attribute) to take advantage by pretending to be that of high-quality, especially when only the producers know whether the desirable attribute exist in their products or not. Moreover, it is too expensive for individual consumer to directly monitor or verify these attributes. Therefore, consumers could only decide their purchasing choice on subjective belief regarding the products quality, which are based on all available information such as press report, word-of-mouth and labels when such adverse selection in credence goods market exist. Hence, producers cannot build reputation when production of low-quality imitating goods could not be detected and punished. Delayed detection of low-quality products allows its producers to imitate the strategy of their high-quality rivals, which hampered signalling use. Like other credence goods, Halal food products, through certified Halal brand/logo would improve the information asymmetry, but may carry the similar issues. These issues are discussed in Chapter 2. It is common for credence goods to feature a communication scheme such as labels or brands to help consumers in making purchasing decisions. Moreover, these labels or brands often require authentication by legislator or a third-party organisations that have the proficiency in each field of specific credence quality attributes, thus involving additional costs. In the Halal market, there also exist regulations by the government (eg. in Brunei, under the authority of Brunei Islamic Religious Council, Ministry of Religious Affairs) or third party organisation (eg. in United Kingdom, by Halal Monitoring Committee and Halal Food Authority, to name some). In which they certify a product through monitoring and indicating some guidelines for producers before granting a recognisable label on the products. Hence, this label helps consumers to make better decision choice. Moreover, a quality label that improves pre-purchasing information would increase welfare, and high-quality producers would always be willing to go through the necessary inspection as to reveal the products quality to the consumers, unless the cost for verification is extremely high. The welfare affect of introducing Halal labelling is briefly discussed in the analysis, especially where Halal labelling opens up an opportunity to access additional consumers, ie. Muslims, also referre d to the primary consumers. The analysis of Halal in this paper is aimed to study the interactions of the market forces or what commonly referred to in economics as ‘invisible hand of the demand and supply in Halal market. At the same time, considering the effects on introduction of labelling upon the level of equilibrium, in addition to other factors such as the additional demand by Muslims of primary market. This is a unique or special aspect which might not be available in previous studies on credence goods. The following chapters are organised as follows. Halal concept is further discussed in the next Chapter 2. This chapter is intended as an expansion to the introduction (Chapter 1) in order to provide a deeper understanding on the concept of Halal, and to provide information regarding the current market for Halal food products and the issues pertaining in the Halal market on the use of Halal logo. The relevant literature reviews are discussed in Chapter 3, discussing the works by other authors on the area of credence goods which can be linked to Halal. Chapter 4 presents the economic analysis and application of Halal products as credence goods. Chapter 5 concludes this paper and provide a discussion on the policy implications generated by the study. CHAPTER 2 2.0. A Brief Concept of Halal Religion involves beliefs and the way of life, where group of individuals interprets and respond to what they feel is supernatural and holy (Johnstones, 1975, in Shafie and Othman, n.d.). Shafie and Othman underline that most religion prescribes or prohibits certain behaviour including that of consumption (n.d.). The concept of Halal is not new in the Islamic world, but only in recent years that its potentials have been realised by corporations and organisations around the world, which normally perform under the conventional economics. The word Halal comes from Arabic which means permissible or lawful. It is ruled by the Islamic law known as Syariah law which is based on the Quran and Hadith (records of the life, actions and teachings of Prophet Muhammad). By not fully understanding the concept of Halal, one (non-Muslim especially in Muslim-minority country such as United Kingdom) may think that Halal only refers to meat or something to do with ‘kebabs. Halal actually governs every aspect of life of Muslims, however, this paper only view Halal perspective on consumption of food. What is not Halal is called Haram or non-permissible. Any product which comes from swine and/or dog is strictly Haram. A special cleansing ritual must be done if a Muslim directly touched (although accidentally) these animals and/or the sources (eg. skin). Such products that contain strictly Haram ingredients or derivatives are termed as ‘non-transformable in the analysis in Chapter 4. Amongst other strictly Haram animal products include blood, birds of prey, and/or carrion (dead animals without slaughtering). Alcohol is also Haram, but in some strict case it could become or change into Halal, this is discussed later on in Section 2.3 of this paper. Un-slaughtered animals such as beef and chicken are also become non-Halal, unless slaughtered by a Muslim according to Syariah practice. Such products are termed as ‘transformable in the analysis of this paper. What lies between Halal and Haram is called Mashbooh meaning that the goods appear to be suspicious, questionable and According to Bonne and Verbeke (2007), as product attribute, Halal refers to the nature, origin and the processing methods of the food products, which entails similarity with organic foods and those taking animal welfare or sustainability into account. Strict procedure must be followed to obtain highest standard of Halal, and that Halal products must not contact with non-Halal products; as similar to vegetarian food should not be in contact with any meat. Halal concept covers both food and non-food product category, but as mentioned earlier, this paper would only focus on the first one. Studies show that about 70 to 75 percent of Muslim strictly follows the Halal standard for their dietary (Hussaini 1993a in Bonne and Verbeke, 2007; Minkus-McKenna, 2007). The next section provides an overview of Halal food market. 2.1. Halal Food Market The Halal market is considered as the fastest growing market globally as reported by the Borneo Bulletin (2008). The world Halal industry is estimated to worth between US$ 500 million to around US$ 2 trillion (Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 2007; Borneo Bulletin, 2008; Brunei Halal, 2007). The market is growing around US$ 500 billion annually due to the rising Muslim population worldwide (Borneo Bulletin, 2008; Brunei Halal, 2007). It is reported that the Muslim population is known to be the fastest growing religion in the world (Bonne and Verbeke, 2007) and in Europe (BBC News, 2005). The global Halal food trade itself in 2007 is estimated to be between US$ 150 billion (Brunei Halal, 2007) and US$500 billion with 12 percent of this or US$ 80 billion generated from agri-food products (Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 2007). In addition, Islam is the second largest religion in the world (Riaz and Chaudry, 2004) with nearly 1.5 billion people (ibid.; Bonne and Verbeke, 2007; Din, 2006). The National Statistics Census carried out by the British Government, shows that Islam is also the second largest religion in the United Kingdom, approximately 1.6 million Muslims (2001). The statistics also revealed that Muslims are the largest household in the United Kingdom. These factors would justify that the demand for Halal food products in the United Kingdom is expanding. The market for Halal can be divided into two namely, primary and secondary. Primary market arises from the demand by Muslims, whereas, secondary market refers to the demand by non-Muslims. These terms are used in the analysis of this paper. Agriculture and Agri-food Canada (2007) suggested that Halal is often referred to safety and of high quality by both markets. Besides these, factors for increasing Halal demand includes: increasing incomes in primary market, rising population of Muslim, and rising demand for variety in primary market (ibid.). For Muslims, consuming Halal food products are their religious obligation, however it is known that Halal food are also consumed by non-Muslims. The later often perceived as specially selected and processed to achieve highest standards of quality (Riaz and Chaudry, 2004, p. 14). Manufacturers or producers that sells Halal products would create significant advantage compared to those that do not (Shafie and Othman, n.d.). Riaz and Chaudry (2004, p. 16) suggested that the increasing demand for Halal products as well as expanding number of Muslim population can be an inducement for producers to provide Halal products. Nonetheless, it is safe to say that these views mostly look at Muslim-majority economies such as those in Asian region. Hence, this paper provides a study in relation to Muslim-minority economy such as the United Kingdom. However, like any other food labels, Halal labelling also have some issues. 2.2. Halal Logo and Its Issues The use of Halal logo in food products indicates that the products are Islamic or Syariah compliant. Similar to other food related logos such as ‘suitable for vegetarian V-logo, Halal logo intends to communicate with the consumers of this product that it is fit for their consumption. Initial finding shows that some companies may use this logo even though its products might violate some rules of the Syariah law. Such situation was reported in which, some meat and other processed products from Brazil imported into the country, were being inspected by Halal Monitoring Committee, to be found a violation (2007). Another comparable situation is reported by The Tribune (2008) that the biggest meat producer in Scotland is under investigation over the supply of so-called ‘fake Halal meat in the country. There are some issues to which cause the problem arises. Fischer claims that the lack of a state body that is capable of inspecting the unregulated market [in the United Kingdom] has left this market open to fraud, corruption and without any kind of standards, uniform certification and standard (n.d.). Study by Fischer also shows that many British Muslims and organisations call upon the state to help recognise and standardised Halal. However for the ease of this papers analysis, this situation is relaxed, meaning producers behave honestly when claiming their products as Halal. Having Halal logo does not mean the products automatically accepted to be purchased by consumers especially that of primary market. Research undertaken by a university in the United Kingdom, shows that consumers prefer small shops when buying Halal meat, rather than buying from supermarkets, due to factors mentioned earlier and others including lack of marketing of Halal food (Anonymous, 2006). Like any other goods, the credence of Halal food products has to be clearly communicated such as indication on pack or on-label (Bonne and Verbeke, 2007), in addition to conventional marketing strategies, for example advertising. Moreover, this would add some utility value to the consumer and useful in the purchasing decision (ibid.). Nonetheless, to make the analysis of this paper simple, having Halal labelling is enough to induce greater demand and consumptions. 2.3. Issues of Alcohol Alcohol is clearly not permissible, however it is essential for certain industry processes and religious scholars are aware of this — some of them suggested that some use of alcohol may be acceptable as long as it is evaporated and not exist in the final products (Riaz and Chaudry, 2004). However, if there is an alternative to alcohol for such process, it would be preferred, as majority of Muslims would avoid products that use alcohol at any stage. It is generally known by Muslims that wine (a Haram state product) which turns ‘naturally into vinegar thus the vinegar is considered as Halal. This situation is called Istihala or ‘change of state or properties. A reverse situation as such that, if wine is added to Halal food, as in common cooking practise in the Western, hence the food becomes Haram. However, this issue is not represented in the analysis, for simplicity argument. It is clear that Halal can be perceived as a credence attribute, although there are numero us literatures on credence goods, only few actually discussed in relation to Halal products. Next chapter will discuss the literatures on credence products. CHAPTER 3 3.0. Literature Review This chapter is divided into five interrelated parts or sections. The first section provides a (general) glance on the studies or literatures on credence goods, which is applicable in the study of the market for Halal products. This is followed by the second section, of discussions on the demand for such goods. Market failure arises due to the nature of credence goods, which is discussed in the third section of this chapter. In the fourth section, a review on the solution of the market failure problem is examined. The final section deals with the issue pertaining to some of these solutions. 3.1. Credence Goods at a Glance There are growing numbers of literatures on credence goods attribute since it was first mentioned by Darby and Karni in 1973. These literatures involve different assumptions which produce diverse outcomes. However, it is difficult to find economic literature that deals directly with Halal subject as a credence good. Nonetheless, studies on some of the credence goods can be applied to Halal concept. Most literatures on credence goods assume that consumers are homogeneous. Hahn (2004) showed the contrast to this, in which the author grouped the consumers into two namely those who have some expertise or informed and those who do not or uninformed; This paper is slightly differs from that of Hahn (2004), where the consumers in this paper are also divided into two, namely Muslims (those who only consume Halal goods, or primary consumers) and non-Muslims. The latter is further grouped into two, ie. conventional consumers—who only consume non-Halal; and secondary consumers—who prefer to consume Halal products. Some economists (such as McCluskey, 2000; Cho and Hooker, 2002) used game theory models on credence attribute to assess the interplays of stakeholders. These include whether producers decide to claim their products as those of high quality, then they have to decide whether to produce according to the claims or not. However, the use of game theory is out of the scope of this papers analysis. Nonetheless, producers are assumed to produce what they intended to, without dishonesty. Economists divide consumers perception of food quality into a three attributes, namely: search, experience (which were pioneered by Nelson in 1970) and credence attribute (in Darby and Karni, 1973; Innes et. al., 2007; Umberger et. al., 2008). Search attributes can be determined from pre-consumption and at point of purchase such as colour, shape, brand and freshness. Experience attributes, arise from taste, juiciness, and food safety which could only be determined during or after consumption. Lastly, credence attributes refer to the process and production aspects, which the author claims that it cannot be determined before, during or after consumption of that particular food product (Umberger et. al., 2008). These food products, especially Halal as credence goods emphasise and maintain a strict quality attributes, and failure to maintain this would result a loss in its credibility, hence would brings disutility to the consumers or reduction of welfare. Some economists such as Caswell and Mojduszka (1996, in Cho and Hooker, 2002) argued that by providing information as policy tool, credence attributes could be transformed into search attributes. However, this would require a strict environment where system of information provided is perfect and fraud could not taken place — these are less likely to be a (current) scenario of the real world. Nonetheless, this concept is used in the analysis of this paper, for simplicity reason. On the other hand, Cho and Hooker (2002) mentioned that credence goods could act like a (lagged) experience goods if they involve time duration for detection of risk (relatively quickly), eg. infected food, vice versa. Like any production or supply of consumer goods, it depends on the demand for such goods, for an equilibrium to exist in the market. The following section discusses the determinants of demand for credence goods. 3.2. Consumer Demand for Credence Attribute Individuals would consume goods or services that yields highest utility or satisfaction level and presumed to make rational choice. However, this is subject to physical (ie. how much they can consume) and economic (ie. budget) constraint that limits the consumers choices (Mas-Colell et. al., 1995). Moreover, the preference-based approach to consumer demand is of critical importance for welfare analysis in which, without it, evaluating the consumers level of well-being would have no meaning (ibid.). Dulleck and Kerschbamer (2001) identified credence characteristics in terms of utility, in which although consumers can observe the utility derived from consumption of such goods ex post, they are not sure if the utility they get is the ex ante needed one. However, in the analysis of this paper, the utility is considered in terms of welfare level obtained from consumers and producers surplus. In addition to the conventional determinants for demand such as income, taste and preference, consumer characteristics and quality attribute become increasingly important factors nowadays. According to Antle (1999, in Senauer, 2001, p. 4), the new economics is more concerned with the markets for ‘quality-differentiated products in which the author presented a stylised demand function which include quality factors (non-price attribute): X = D (P, I, N, C, Q) Where X depends on price and other goods (P), income (I), number of population (N), characteristics of the population/consumer (C), and non-price attribute of the product (Q). It shows that any product attribute which includes nutrition content, safety, production process and even inputs, would creates utility or disutility. The analysis in Chapter 4 directly deals with the two of these factors namely, consumer characteristics (ie. preferences, and religious needs) and product attribute (ie. Halal credence). Hoehn and Deaton (2004) provided a model where consumers choose either purchasing credence (high-quality) good or conventional (low-quality) goods by comparing the consumer surplus differences. If the gain from consumer surplus from credence goods is large, compared to the opportunity cost of surplus given up from not purchasing conventional goods, the former good would be purchased. Their studies are used as a foundation for the analysis in Chapter 4 of this paper. Most literature reflects credence goods as vertically differentiated products due to quality differences. Nonetheless, Bester (n.d., in Roe and Sheldon, 2001) provided a concept of unobserved quality into a horizontal differentiation model and suggested that unobserved vertical quality would reduce producers incentives for horizontal differentiation via relaxing price competition amongst producers, in a way which prices act as a signal and consist of a quality premium. This is related to the second part of this papers analysis (Section 4.2. of Chapter 4) involving a franchise market. Consumers demand and preferences for credence goods often perceived from their willingness to pay. 3.2.1. Willingness to Pay There are other factors why consumers might be willing to pay a premium besides the quality attribute, such that they perceive credence goods as fashionable, trendy, or it could be that the purchase the alternative to credence goods would offend other people (McCluskey, 2000). The later is pertinent to Halal goods, especially in a situation where the consumer lives with Muslims housemates, or in a Muslim-dominated country. Consumers would also prefer for the high-quality products, even not for the sake of quality itself but other factors. For instance, when consumers care about other quality or criterion such as animal welfare, environmental, ethical, and religious reasons, to what Antle (1999, in Carlsson et. al., 2004) referred as extrinsic quality. If the distinctions in quality were signalled efficiently, consumers would be willing to pay a higher price or premium for products of high quality, hence compensating the higher production costs, as suggested by Kola and Latvala (2003). In their research on the effects of information on the demand for beef products credence characteristics in Finland, 59 percent of the respondents showed their willingness to pay a higher price for additional information. Whereas, 41 percent of respondents had zero willingness to pay, in which 35 percent of them are satisfied with the existing information, and 17 percent considered the information is not enough or they did not trust the information. As credence quality of a product cannot be observed directly at a reasonable cost or without invasive testing, consumers would rely heavily on claims or information made by the producers via brands, labels or advertisements (Cho and Hooker, 2002). This papers analysis however, only considers that consumers fully trust producers. The next section provides discussion if the information provided is insufficient or inaccurate, resulting a market failure. 3.3. Market Failure It can be said that the credence market are prone to the problems of market failure. There are different ways for a credence market to result in inefficiency. It is mainly due to information asymmetry between producers and consumers. 3.3.1. Information Asymmetry In credence goods, consumers cannot directly observe the quality of the goods that they consume where only the producers know the exact quality, thus resulting information asymmetry. Common intuition indicates that the solution for an information asymmetry is by providing more information. Information, as conferred by Weiss (1995, in Cho and Hooker, 2002) is the central tenet of food safety economics. Brands, logos and labels most importantly serve as a signal to inform and communicate to the consumers about products attributes, hence alleviating information asymmetry between producers and consumers. According to Verbeke (2005), information is likely to be effective only when it addresses specific information needs of its target audience. It requires identification and detailed understanding of these needs, and proper management on the provision of the information in order to optimally address the needs (ibid.). Information regarding food quality and safety can be categorised as risk information and aims at reducing uncertainty faced by the consumers in making purchasing decisions. Hence, success would come from better understanding regarding consumers attitude, behaviour, motives, and their perceptions (Frewer et. al., 2004, in Verbeke, 2005). There exist welfare effects to consumers for providing (Marette et. al., 1999, in ibid.) or withholding (Mazzocchi et. al., 2004b, in ibid.) food quality information. The work done by Umberger (et. al., 2008), can be used as a foundation on the argument for the importance of Halal logo or labelling on food products in particular. The authors claimed that potential market failure would occur if consumers face limited choice and if the access to ‘innovative products is not available, or information regarding ‘product attributes, for example the production methods, is not transparent (ibid.). With this regards, Halal products would be seen as innovative products and carry some product attributes that must be fulfilled, otherwise there might exist market failure for Halal products. Halal logo especially from organisation for Halal certification, could be used to indicate these attributes. Consequently, lack of information becomes the key factor for the inefficiency of credence market. The followings are resulted from insufficient information. 3.3.1A. Failure due to Fraud In their studies, Dulleck and Kerschbamer (2001) divided credence attribute problems into two fold: inefficiency treatment, and overcharging. The first fold refers to the quality level (or service) of credence goods provided by producers, and inefficiency treatment can be either under- or over-treatment. On the other hand, the second fold refers to the pricing of credence goods, particularly as self-described, overcharging. When the signal is unavailable, especially in the case where labelling is not mandatory, sellers may have the incentive to fraud by supplying products of low-quality but claiming these products as high quality. Akerlof (1970) explains this situation with automobiles market as an example, in which with asymmetric information high-quality goods (‘peach) would be driven out by the low-quality goods (‘lemons) hence resulting market failure. Moreover, as argued by Liebie (2002), when producers of low-quality products claim to be of high-quality, this would raise doubt in consumers mind and would not be willing to pay a premium for the high-quality goods. This in turns, would lower the profits of high-quality producer hence reducing their incentive to invest in high-quality products, in which would create further doubt to consumer. The cycle goes on until only low-quality products would be sold, even though consumers prefer high-quality products, resulting market failure. Darby and Karni (1973) suggested that the amount of fraud depends on reputation, market conditions, and technological factors. Profit-maximising producers would have the incentive to fraud by claiming their products are of high quality if the probability of not being caught is high enough (McCluskey, 2000) or conversely if the probability of being caught is low. Such fraud issues bring uncertainty to consumers. 3.3.1B. Problems of Uncertainty Bonroy and Constantos (2008) concluded that uncertainty by consumers on the identity of producers which produce the high-quality products put the high-quality producers in disadvantage resulting from higher cost. They argued that this disadvantage would remain even when the consumption of high-quality products benefits are well worth the cost difference and all beliefs regarding the high-quality producers are in the right direction (ibid.). Their model explains the difficulty faced by high-quality credence products to acquire the dominant market share they should have obtained from efficiency perspective (ibid.). This is however beyond the concept of this paper, as to avoid complication in the model, it is assumed that producers behave honestly in producing the products and consumers fully aware the qualities. 3.3.1C. Non-Rational Behaviour Unavailability of credible food quality labelling, consumers would face uncertainty and would incur search cost on specific information (Hobbs, 2004, in Verbeke 2005). As a result some consumers would not behave rationally, being ignorant, or make decisions which are not maximising their expected utility. Such behaviour explained as a concept of â€Å"bounded and limited rationality† or â€Å"rationally ignorant consumer hypothesis† (as found in Kahneman and Tversky, 1973; Simon 1979a,b; Camerer and Loewenstein, 2004; in Verbeke 2005), is however beyond the concept of the study in this paper. Verbeke (2005) concluded that without quality verification, traceability was of little value to consumers, whereas quality assurances were much more valuable to them. The solutions to the problems of market failure are presented in the next section. 3.4. Solutions to the Problems This section examines some of the solutions to the problems mentioned previously which are mainly caused by lack of information. The most common solution this, as stated earlier, is providing more information through labelling or signalling. But this must be accompanied with efficient monitoring. 3.4.1. The Use of Labelling as a Signal It is generally known that labelling of credence attribute could be used as a way to certify the provision of valued attributes, hence to avoid market failure. Moreover, Caswell and Padberg (1992) claimed that information in the form of labels, word-of-mouth, advertising, and education would contribute to the co

ADHD - Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Essay -- Explorat

ADHD - Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder When I first heard about ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder), I thought, â€Å"C’mon. This psycho-babble has gone too far.† I saw psychologists, researchers, lawyers, teachers, parents, all talking seriously about this claimed disorder. But what I didn’t think about was where this information was coming from. Many talk shows have featured ADHD, where self-righteous citizens cheer, boo, and hiss like a jury at some medieval witch trial. A writer for the reputable publication New York magazine wrote: â€Å"[ADHD] is certainly a fitting disorder for the Nintendo and MTV generations—children who seem more at home playing computer games than having a quiet dinner conversation with their parents,† which sounds like it was written by a disgruntled â€Å"parent† rather than an unbiased reporter (Blau 45). And an article in Time ran quotes from erudite psychologists like Robert Reid, who said that ADHD is just an ego-preserving excuse, merely â€Å"a label of forgiveness† (Wallis 42). Newspapers ran these argumentative headlines: â€Å"Some Skeptical of Surge in Attention-Deficit Diagnoses† and â€Å"Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder† (Perkins A1, Vatz 82). And before I began learning about ADHD, I too was a media-driven skeptic. But, as with most things, knowledge begets understanding. Recent media coverage might lead one to believe that ADHD is something new, a nineties thing, some vogue malady that somehow explains our disaffected modern youth. Yet the hyperactive child has always been around. He was class clown, the kid in the back row who never shut up. He was the kid whom the teacher constantly sent out of the room or to the office. In the past, these were the children... ..., Inattentive, Impulsive, Obstinate. . . . New York: Villard, 1990. â€Å"Josh.† Personal Interview. 13 March 1995. Levine, Melvin D. â€Å"Attention Deficits: The Diverse Effects of Weak Control Systems in Childhood.† Pediatric Annals 16.2: 117-30. Perkins, Kathryn. â€Å"Some Skeptical of Surge in Attention-Disorder Diagnosis.† Sacramento Bee 5 Dec. 1994: A1. Safer, Daniel J., and John M. Krager. â€Å"Effect of a Media Blitz and a Threatened Lawsuit on Stimulant Treatment (lawsuits and Ritalin prescription).† Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (1992): 1004. â€Å"Shaun.† Personal Interview. 9 March 1995. Vatz, Richard E., and Lee S. Weinberg. â€Å"Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder.† USA Today Jan. 1995: 84. Wallis, Claudia. â€Å"Life in Overdrive.† Time 18 July 1994: 42. Weiss, Lynn. Attention Deficit Disorder in Adults. Dallas: Taylor, 1992. ADHD - Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Essay -- Explorat ADHD - Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder When I first heard about ADHD (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder), I thought, â€Å"C’mon. This psycho-babble has gone too far.† I saw psychologists, researchers, lawyers, teachers, parents, all talking seriously about this claimed disorder. But what I didn’t think about was where this information was coming from. Many talk shows have featured ADHD, where self-righteous citizens cheer, boo, and hiss like a jury at some medieval witch trial. A writer for the reputable publication New York magazine wrote: â€Å"[ADHD] is certainly a fitting disorder for the Nintendo and MTV generations—children who seem more at home playing computer games than having a quiet dinner conversation with their parents,† which sounds like it was written by a disgruntled â€Å"parent† rather than an unbiased reporter (Blau 45). And an article in Time ran quotes from erudite psychologists like Robert Reid, who said that ADHD is just an ego-preserving excuse, merely â€Å"a label of forgiveness† (Wallis 42). Newspapers ran these argumentative headlines: â€Å"Some Skeptical of Surge in Attention-Deficit Diagnoses† and â€Å"Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder† (Perkins A1, Vatz 82). And before I began learning about ADHD, I too was a media-driven skeptic. But, as with most things, knowledge begets understanding. Recent media coverage might lead one to believe that ADHD is something new, a nineties thing, some vogue malady that somehow explains our disaffected modern youth. Yet the hyperactive child has always been around. He was class clown, the kid in the back row who never shut up. He was the kid whom the teacher constantly sent out of the room or to the office. In the past, these were the children... ..., Inattentive, Impulsive, Obstinate. . . . New York: Villard, 1990. â€Å"Josh.† Personal Interview. 13 March 1995. Levine, Melvin D. â€Å"Attention Deficits: The Diverse Effects of Weak Control Systems in Childhood.† Pediatric Annals 16.2: 117-30. Perkins, Kathryn. â€Å"Some Skeptical of Surge in Attention-Disorder Diagnosis.† Sacramento Bee 5 Dec. 1994: A1. Safer, Daniel J., and John M. Krager. â€Å"Effect of a Media Blitz and a Threatened Lawsuit on Stimulant Treatment (lawsuits and Ritalin prescription).† Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (1992): 1004. â€Å"Shaun.† Personal Interview. 9 March 1995. Vatz, Richard E., and Lee S. Weinberg. â€Å"Overreacting to Attention Deficit Disorder.† USA Today Jan. 1995: 84. Wallis, Claudia. â€Å"Life in Overdrive.† Time 18 July 1994: 42. Weiss, Lynn. Attention Deficit Disorder in Adults. Dallas: Taylor, 1992.